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DFM-17 Radiosonde

Revision as of 22:48, 24 January 2025 by Trevor229 (talk | contribs) (Add info from gx1400's data_dfm_RE repo, clean up formatting, add new graphics and new repo for T/H measurement)
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Overview

The DFM-17 radiosonde succeeds the DFM-09 radiosonde. Graw began a contract with NOAA in the US to provide radiosondes. As of Late 2021, several sites have made the transition as part of NOAA’s Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E) program. 45 CONUS sites are expected to use these radiosondes in early 2022. [1]

Specs [2]

  • Weight: 63g
  • Size: 90 x 67 x 44 mm
  • Power supply: 2 CR123A batteries
  • Estimated runtime: ~240 minutes
  • Transmission rate: 1 packet/sec
  • Bandwidth: ~10 kHz (Website lists <12)
  • Frequency range: 400 - 405.99 MHz
  • Modulation: GFSK @ 1250 bits/s
  • TX Power: ~100mW
  • Error Correction: Code-spreading, interleaving
  • SoC: STM32F100R8T6B, 24MHz, 8KB RAM, 64KB Flash
  • GPS: U-Blox MAX-M8C-0-10
  • Transmitter: Si4063
  • Optional:
    • XDATA interface (24 bytes/s)
    • NFC ground check
    • Barometric pressure sensor.

Peripheral attachment points

LED's and Buttons

  • Button = PC8
  • LED_Y = PC7
  • LED_G = PC6
  • LED_R = PB12

uBlox GPS (USART_2) - U11

  • PA3(RX) = GPS TXD (Pin 2)
  • PA2(TX) = GPS RXD (Pin 3)
  • PB8 = GPS 1pps (Pin 4) (LED next to flex cable connector)
  • PC14 = RESET

UART via USB Port (USART_1)

  • PA9(TX) = USB D+
  • PA10(RX) = USB D-
  • PC2 = GND/VBus Pin?

Si4063 (SPI_1) - U10

  • PB2 = CS/nSEL (Pin 15)
  • PC3 - SDN (Pin 1)
  • PA7 = SDI (Pin 14)
  • PA6 = SDO (Pin 13)
  • PA5 = SCLK (Pin 12)
  • PD0 = GPIO2 (Pin 19)
  • PA4 = GPIO3 (Pin 20)

XDATA Header (2x2 pin unpopulated)

  • PB11 = Pin 3
  • PB10 = Pin 2
    • Pads need solder bridge or 0 ohm links. Pin 1 or 4 can be bridged to act as GND. I suspect the SOT23-6 footprint is populated when xdata is in use. Unknown where the xdata perhipheral would get VCC.

  • XDATA interface pinout, numbered for clarity. Not official.

IC Attachment Points

STG719 (DPST) - U2

  • PC11 = IN (Pin 1)

STG719 (DPST) - U3

  • PD2 = IN (Pin 1)

STG719 (DPST) - U4

  • PB5 = IN (Pin 1)

STG719 (DPST) - U5

  • PB4= IN (Pin 1)

DG636 (Dual DPST) - U6

  • VDD = ENABLE (always HIGH) (Pin 2)
  • PA11, PB0, PA1 = A0 (Pin 1)
  • PC10 = A1 (Pin 14)

STG719 (DPST) - U7

  • PC10 (routes under STM) = IN (Pin 1)

SN74LV4053 (Triple 2Ch Mux/Demux) - U8

  • PB13 & PB14 = A (Pin 11)
    • STM pins connected by trace? Why? Read back?
  • PC10 = B (Pin 10) & C (Pin 9)
    • IC pins connected by trace

LMV761 (Comparator) - U9

  • PA12 & PB15 = OUT (Pin 4 via cap)

Analog Inputs to STM32

  • PA0 - Vbatt/Power supply voltage (needs confirmation, V measured at pin is VCC)
  • PB1 - Vbatt/Power supply current monitor (needs confirmation, V measured at pin seems to match 1V = 1A)

Battery Management IC

  • PC0 - Hold high to prevent BMS from removing battery power after boot up

NFC/RFID 4k EEPROM - U12

  • PC13 = RF WIP/Busy (Pin 7)
  • PB6 = SCL (Pin 6)
  • PB7 = SDA (Pin 5)
  • PC0 connected to Pin 1 (Vout)
    • NFC antenna pads are below left side 3 pins of uBlox module


Identified Supplementary IC's

  • Top view of PCB with U reference designators overlaid

IC Part Numbers and Markings
Manufacturer Part Number Description Package Part Marking Datasheet Note
U1 STMicroelectronics STM32F100R8T6B ARM MCU, 24MHz, 8KB RAM, 64KB Flash LQFP48 ARM 32F100R8T6B Mouser Some recent batches of the DFM-17 have been using knockoff STM32s! The chip shortage strikes again!
U2, U3, U4, U5, U7 ST STG719 STG719STR Low Voltage 4 Ohm SPDT Switch SOT-23-6 V719 Mouser Analog ADG719 pin compatible equivalent?
U6 Vishay DG636E 0.3 pC Charge Injection, 100 pA Leakage

CMOS ± 5 V / 5 V / 3 V Dual SPDT Analog Switch

TSSOP14 636EE Mouser
U8 Texas Instruments SN74LV4053A Triple 2-Channel Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer SOT-23-6 LW053A Texas Instruments
U9 Texas Instruments LMV761 Low Voltage Precision Comparator with Push/Pull Output SOT-23-6 C22A Texas Instruments
U10 Silicon Labs Si4063-C2A High Performance, Low Current Transmitter QFN20 40632A

C01Q81

2217

Silcon Labs
U11 u-Blox MAX-M8C-0-10 u-blox M8 GNSS module, ROM, crystal MAX-M8C-0-10 u-Blox
U12 STMicroelectronics M24LR04E-R Dynamic NFC/RFID tag IC with 4-Kbit EEPROM,

energy harvesting, I²C bus and ISO 15693 RF interface

UDFN8 4BEB 8150 STMicroelectronics Stores configuration of serial ports, sonde serial(?), calibration, and measurement sequences
U13 STMicroelectronics LD series, unsure on specific part 3.3V Low Drop Out Voltage Regulator DFN6 33R Possible part from Mouser Needs verification, appears to provide 3.3V regulated power
U14 Looks like a high side current monitor amplifier, need more information
U15 ABLIC S-8200A Series, unsure on specific Part Number BATTERY PROTECTION IC FOR 1-CELL PACK VDL Mouser Needs verification, Potentially a Winsok WSTDW01 Battery Protection IC?
U16 ??? ??? ??? ??? AL

___

In-line with battery power, need more information; chip marking
U17 ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Connected to USB data lines, likely a UART, isolation, and/or level shifter
  • Do note these reference designators are not official and are here for us to keep track. The PCB has no markings.


Photos

  • Internal view of the DFM-17

  • The bottom side of the PCB in the DFM-17

  • The label sticker NOAA(US) puts on the back of their DFM-17 radiosondes

  • A view of the DFM-17 Radiosonde showing both layers to better assist tracing connections while reverse engineering the hardware.

  • Possible meanings of the internal labels and values. The date code in particular which may be useful to date production times. NWS sondes have the same cryptic string printed on the outside of the sonde where the mfg. date normally is on other countries'. "TU" may just indicate the board comes with sensors according to a third party source[3].

  • Pinout of the DFM-17 sensor stalk. Not all pins are used, and some seemingly are connected to a trace but end abruptly.

  • V719 SOT-23-6 packages removed as well as 636EE (SPDT Switch) and LW053A (Mux/Demuxer)

  • Mapping of the pins on the sensor stalk to the connector and their corresponding IC/IO lines. Top of sensor stalk corresponds to bottom of pictured connector!

  • Bare PCB without major ICs on it and rear traces colored in purple. Any other via goes directly to main groundplane.


Disassembly


  1. Examine rope, parachute and parachute rigging lines for viability. Neatly organize the flight rigging if usable. Discard if not viable for reuse.
  2. Cut the zip tie surrounding the Styrofoam from the top portion by the rope loop.
  3. Pull the rope loop out, there should be little to no resistance.
  4. Make a slice in the sticker[4] where the two pieces of Styrofoam meet.
  5. Pull apart the two Styrofoam pieces to reveal the circuit board.
  6. Pull the circuit board out. There will be some resistance.
  7. The board is now separated from the Styrofoam shell, reuse if desired.
  8. Pull the two CR123A batteries out, keep or discard them. The board can run off USB power. Batteries are not necessary for development on this board.

Reassembly


  1. Insert two fresh CR123A batteries into the board.
  2. Line up the board to the IO cutouts in the Styrofoam, begin to push into the slots. Make sure the antenna wire comes through.
  3. Press the top piece of Styrofoam into place.
  4. Tape or apply another sticker onto the back label. (Optional)
  5. Insert the plastic rope loop piece.
  6. zip tie the shell together, the zip tie end should end up on the edge nearest to the power button.
  7. Rope on a balloon/drone/kite/etc.. to the rope loop.
  8. Power on the device by pressing and holding the button, you will see a yellow light blink, hold until the light turns solid.

Mini USB Port

The mini USB port on the board does not use the USB protocol for communication, it is a UART bus. However using USB to power the board should not harm the board in theory.

In order to use it, splice a USB cable and wire up a USB<->TTL adapter with the following pins:

  • VBUS: 5 Volts DC
  • D- (typically white): TX
  • D+ (typically green): RX
  • GND: GND


The board will communicate with the official GRAWMET software using this approach. Reverse engineering of the port's protocol is underway, however it is believed to use a similar, if not the same protocol the PS-15 uses.

Hardware modifications

SMA Port

The DFM17 antenna section has pads sized for an SMA connector (likely leftover from development). Any board edge mount conector should work.

SWD Header

To program the DFM, you will need to connect to the SWD header. If you want to do it properly, an Adafruit Skinny SWD SMT connector will fit. You can also 3D print this model by trickv to clamp the connector to the pads for a solderless approach.

I suggest also ordering this ribbon cable and this breakout to be able to attach to your STLink much easier.

Do note that if you wish to put the PCB back in the styrofoam housing, you will need to slice away some of the inside to allow the connector to fit. Approximately 40mm or so. You will need to do this if you attach pin headers for xdata as well.

Minimizing transmit range

As amateurs we are not licensed to transmit in the 400-406MHz band, so for testing purposes one should perform this mod. If you have an appropriate SMA connector, solder it in place of the antenna wire and connect a 50 ohm dummy load to it (reminder that the power is approx 100mW). If no connector is available, unsolder the antenna wire and take two 100 ohm resistors and twist them in parallel, then solder them to the center pad and one of the side pads on the SMA footprint. This creates a 50 ohm dummy load for the Si4036 to transmit into. The range is reduced to a couple tens of feet.

Also if you are running a radiosonde_auto_rx instance, don't forget to turn it off during testing to avoid feeding erroneous data to Sondehub!

  • MrARM's modified DFM-17 with a SWD connector and an SMA antenna port

  • Trevor229's DFM with ST-Link SWD pins connected to debug interface and 50 ohm dummy load mod.

Developing for and Programming the board

 
Pinout of the SWD Port


When lab testing, you can power the board from the USB header. It also appears to run fine supplying 3.3V to the SWD port (STLink and clones do this).


The board uses a STM32, and requires a ST-Link to program. The process used to upload code to the MCU is the same as the Vaisala RS41 radiosonde, you will need to connect the VTRef(3.3V), Ground, SWDIO, SWDCLK and RST pins to your ST-Link.

The board can run without external power being supplied when programming. This board has read-out protection enabled similar to the RS41 and this must be disabled before you can flash firmware to the board.

Software

A few attempts have been made to build replacement firmware for these devices, the key goal being to be able to re-fly a sonde as an amateur payload.

There was an early attempt called dfm17_hamradio here and here.

The most mature looking effort is RS41ng which has experimental support.

There is now a repository that uses code from RS41ng to run the sampling circuitry and read from the original temperature and humidity sensors here.

  1. ↑ GRAW delivers to USA NOAA/National Weather Service. GRAW Radiosondes GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ↑ https://www.graw.de/products/radiosondes/dfm-17/
  3. ↑ https://sondehunt.de/language/en/archive/1189
  4. ↑ File:DFM-17 NOAA Label.jpg
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