Kenwood TH-D74A

Fully Assembled Kenwood TH-D74A

Teardown Video

6 minute video @ 3x playback speed showing full disassembly of the radio with commentary, full length video with no audio here.

Teardown PCB Pictures

Processor Board Top
Processor Shield Removed
GPS circuit normally under a shield.
Processor Board Bottom
Transceiver Board Top
Transceiver Board Top Zoom 1
Transceiver Board Top Zoom 2
Transceiver Board Bottom
Transceiver Board Bottom Zoom 1
Transceiver Board Bottom Zoom 2
FM Radio Module Top
FM Radio Module Bottom

Port and Test Point Identification

Test point locations for Boot[] pins which set the boot-up mode of the OMAP L138 processor, in this case to boot from NOR Flash.
OMAP L138 Boot Mode Selection, TH-D74 is set to boot into NOR Flash at the top of the list.
JTAG pinout

Modules and Interconnects

LCD Front
LCD Back
FM Antenna Front
FM Antenna Rear
Interconnect Top
Interconnect Bottom
Channel Selector

Mechanical Pictures

Front Case Interior
Metal Frame Front
Metal Frame Back
Metal Frame Connector Side
Metal Frame Button Side
Metal Frame Top
Rubber Gaskets
Screws and Knobs

Reverse Engineering Efforts

Kenwood TH-D74 connected to JTAGulator

High level goals

Obtain a copy of the firmware for analysis/modification
Understand how the radio works and what test ports are available internally

Obtaining firmware

Determine routes of attack
- JTAG Port
- Serial Port
- Hardware attack - Remove Flash Memory and read directly (possibly encrypted/obfuscated)
- USB data capture - Packet capture firmware update (possibly encrypted/obfuscated)

Initially the radio was opened and wires were soldered to some test points and an interesting PCB footprint that I suspected was JTAG as seen in the video below.

Serial Port

The serial port turned out to just be control data sent from the CPU board to the transceiver board, explained further below. Removing the flash memory is an option although it is a BGA package so not sure about soldering wires to it so it can be read out. Furthermore, the OMAP-L138 processor seems to have a few protection mechanisms. Encryption of the firmware is one of them so that route might be useless.

Hardware Attack

Desolder flash memory chip
Re-Ball BGA and clean in preparation for socket
Insert into BGA socket and read contents using FlashCATUSB XPORT with BGA-64 (LAE064) socket

Other than the obvious challenge of desoldering and reballing a BGA, this worked great to get a complete image of the firmware! The firmware on the flash is not encrypted or obfuscated in any way so it's possible to make use of it immediately.

Cost breakdown to get complete firmware image using this method: $330 USD

$145 - Replacement Processor board for TH-D74 (eBay)
$40 - FlashcatUSB XPORT
$145 - BGA-64 (LAE064) Socket

Having a copy of the firmware for modification and analysis... PRICELESS!

USB Data Capture

This method costs a lot less than the hardware attack, like $330 less! See the YouTube video below for a walk-through. The software tools used are listed below, I am sure other tools would work but this is what I used.

Have a better method? Create an account and update the wiki!

(Insert YouTube video here)

Hex Editor Neo - Allows bitwise operations and other cool features with a 14 day free trial!

USB Analyzer - By Eltima Software, it captures USB traffic and lets you easily export the binary data. It also comes with a 14 day free trial!

Firmware Parse Tool - Python program to strip header bytes from USB data captures

Understand how the radio works

There is a serial port labeled SCTX and SCRX (See Processor Board Bottom picture above), both of these lines appear to be transmit only from the top CPU board down to the bottom transceiver board. As the radio is tuned from one frequency to another the SCRX line has a lot of activity, when the transmitter is keyed up the SCTX line has activity. Below is a sample of what is seen on the SCRX line. Travis Goodspeed commented to me on Twitter that these commands seemed similar to the Rig Control commands sent from PC's to radio's to control them.