Difference between revisions of "Kenwood TH-D74A"

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[[File:TH-D74A.jpg|none|thumb|Fully Assembled Kenwood TH-D74A]]
+
[[File:TH-D74A.jpg|thumb|Fully Assembled Kenwood TH-D74A|alt=]]Full teardown pictures and videos of the TH-D74 along with notes on reverse engineering and obtaining a copy of the firmware.
−
<br />
 
  
 
==Teardown Video==
 
==Teardown Video==
−
20 minute video showing full disassembly of the radio, no audio.
+
6 minute video @ 3x playback speed showing full disassembly of the radio with commentary, full length video with no audio [https://youtu.be/Q_n_bs6f8gE here].
−
<br />
+
 
−
<youtube width="320" height="240">UVwoPPe6DwQ</youtube>
+
<youtube width="320" height="240">Q_n_bs6f8gE</youtube>
 +
==Teardown PCB Pictures==
 +
<gallery mode="packed" widths="300" heights="200">
 +
File:TH-D74A Processor board Top.jpg|Processor Board Top
 +
File:TH-D74A Processor.jpg|Processor Shield Removed
 +
File:TH-D74A GPS Circuit.JPG|GPS circuit normally under a shield.
 +
File:TH-D74A Processor board bottom.jpg|Processor Board Bottom
 +
File:TH-D74A Transceiver board top.jpg|Transceiver Board Top
 +
File:TH-D74A Transceiver board top zoom 1.jpg|Transceiver Board Top Zoom 1
 +
File:TH-D74A Transceiver board top zoom 2.jpg|Transceiver Board Top Zoom 2
 +
File:TH-D74A Transceiver board bottom.jpg|Transceiver Board Bottom
 +
File:TH-D74A Transceiver board bottom zoom 1.jpg|Transceiver Board Bottom Zoom 1
 +
File:TH-D74A Transceiver board bottom zoom 2.jpg|Transceiver Board Bottom Zoom 2
 +
File:TH-D74A FJ-X5 top.jpg|FM Radio Module Top
 +
File:TH-D74A FJ-X5 bottom.jpg|FM Radio Module Bottom
 +
</gallery>
 +
==Port and Test Point Identification==
 +
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
 +
File:Kenwood TH-D74 Control Board Boot Pins.jpeg|Test point locations for Boot[] pins which set the boot-up mode of the OMAP L138 processor, in this case to boot from NOR Flash.
 +
File:OMAP L138 Boot Mode Selection.jpeg|OMAP L138 Boot Mode Selection, TH-D74 is set to boot into NOR Flash at the top of the list.
 +
File:TH-D74A JTAG Pinout.png|JTAG pinout
 +
</gallery><br />
 +
==Modules and Interconnects==
 +
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
 +
File:TH-D74A LCD front.jpg|LCD Front
 +
File:TH-D74A LCD back.jpg|LCD Back
 +
File:TH-D74A FM Antenna.jpg|FM Antenna Front
 +
File:TH-D74A FM Antenna 2.jpg|FM Antenna Rear
 +
File:TH-D74A Interconnect.jpg|Interconnect Top
 +
File:TH-D74A Interconnect 2.jpg|Interconnect Bottom
 +
File:TH-D74A Selector.jpg|Channel Selector
 +
</gallery><br />
 +
 
 +
==Mechanical Pictures==
 +
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
 +
File:TH-D74A Front case interior.jpg|Front Case Interior
 +
File:TH-D74A Metal Frame front.jpg|Metal Frame Front
 +
File:TH-D74A Metal frame back.jpg|Metal Frame Back
 +
File:TH-D74A Metal frame side 1.jpg|Metal Frame Connector Side
 +
File:TH-D74A Metal frame side 2.jpg|Metal Frame Button Side
 +
File:TH-D74A Metal frame top.jpg|Metal Frame Top
 +
File:TH-D74A Rubber.jpg|Rubber Gaskets
 +
File:TH-D74A Screws.jpg|Screws and Knobs
 +
</gallery>
 +
==Reverse Engineering Efforts==
 +
[[File:Kenwood TH-D74 and JTAGulator.jpg|none|thumb|Kenwood TH-D74 connected to JTAGulator]]
 +
 
 +
===High level goals===
 +
 
 +
*Obtain a copy of the firmware for analysis/modification
 +
*Understand how the radio works and what test ports are available internally
 +
 
 +
====Obtaining firmware====
 +
 
 +
*Determine routes of attack
 +
**JTAG Port
 +
**Serial Port
 +
**Hardware attack - Remove Flash Memory and read directly (possibly encrypted/obfuscated)
 +
**USB data capture - Packet capture firmware update (possibly encrypted/obfuscated)
 +
 
 +
Initially the radio was opened and wires were soldered to some test points and an interesting PCB footprint that I suspected was JTAG as seen in the video below.
 +
 
 +
<youtube width="320" height="240">EZP2DVU9IvQ</youtube>
 +
 
 +
=====Serial Port=====
 +
The serial port turned out to just be control data sent from the CPU board to the transceiver board, explained further below. Removing the flash memory is an option although it is a BGA package so not sure about soldering wires to it so it can be read out. Furthermore, the OMAP-L138 processor seems to have a few protection mechanisms. Encryption of the firmware is one of them so that route might be useless.
 +
 
 +
====Hardware Attack====
 +
 
 +
*Desolder flash memory chip
 +
*Re-Ball BGA and clean in preparation for socket
 +
*Insert into BGA socket and read contents using [https://www.embeddedcomputers.net/products/FlashcatUSB_XPORT/ FlashCATUSB XPORT] with [https://www.embeddedcomputers.net/products/ParallelAdapters/ BGA-64 (LAE064)] socket
 +
 
 +
Other than the obvious challenge of desoldering and reballing a BGA, this worked great to get a complete image of the firmware! The firmware on the flash is not encrypted or obfuscated in any way so it's possible to make use of it immediately.
 +
 
 +
Cost breakdown to get complete firmware image using this method: '''$330 USD'''
 +
 
 +
*$145 - Replacement Processor board for TH-D74 (eBay)
 +
*$40 - [https://www.embeddedcomputers.net/products/FlashcatUSB_XPORT/ FlashcatUSB XPORT]
 +
*$145 - [https://www.embeddedcomputers.net/products/ParallelAdapters/ BGA-64 (LAE064)] Socket
 +
 
 +
Having a copy of the firmware for modification and analysis... PRICELESS!
 +
 
 +
====USB Data Capture====
 +
This method costs a lot less than the hardware attack, like $330 less! See the YouTube video below for a walk-through. The software tools used are listed below, I am sure other tools would work but this is what I used.
 +
 
 +
'''''Have a better method? Create an account and update the wiki!'''''
 +
 
 +
<youtube width="320" height="240">BwFnZOvw0wk</youtube>
 +
 
 +
[https://www.hhdsoftware.com/hex-editor Hex Editor Neo] - Allows bitwise operations and other cool features with a 14 day free trial!
 +
 
 +
[https://www.eltima.com/products/usb-port-monitor/ USB Analyzer] - By Eltima Software, it captures USB traffic and lets you easily export the binary data. It also comes with a 14 day free trial!
 +
 
 +
[https://github.com/BitBangingBytes/Firmware-Parse-Tool Firmware Parse Tool] - Python program to strip header bytes from USB data captures
 +
 
 +
====Understand how the radio works====
 +
There is a serial port labeled SCTX and SCRX (See Processor Board Bottom picture above), both of these lines appear to be transmit only from the top CPU board down to the bottom transceiver board. As the radio is tuned from one frequency to another the SCRX line has a lot of activity, when the transmitter is keyed up the SCTX line has activity. Below is a sample of what is seen on the SCRX line. [[Travis Goodspeed]] commented to me on Twitter that these commands seemed similar to the Rig Control commands sent from PC's to radio's to control them.
 +
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 +
!SCRX
 +
|-
 +
|J0000
 +
|-
 +
|K0000
 +
|-
 +
|G0283
 +
|-
 +
|`0
 +
|-
 +
|G1283
 +
|-
 +
|B06EE14
 +
|-
 +
|B0A03CE
 +
|-
 +
|B0C0028
 +
|-
 +
|B11E960
 +
|-
 +
|B180000
 +
|-
 +
|B140000
 +
|-
 +
|B1C2812
 +
|-
 +
|B200018
 +
|-
 +
|B280A68
 +
|-
 +
|G;7:3
 +
|-
 +
|K1900
 +
|-
 +
|a7:6
 +
|-
 +
|B1C2C12
 +
|-
 +
|B140000
 +
|-
 +
|B1C2812
 +
|-
 +
|B200018
 +
|-
 +
|B280A68
 +
|-
 +
|F41
 +
|-
 +
|J01
 +
|-
 +
|G;7:3
 +
|-
 +
|`0
 +
|}
 +
==Datasheets==
 +
[https://wiki.recessim.com/w/images/5/5d/Kenwood_TH-D74A_Datasheet_-_IC-701_-_DRAM.pdf Kenwood TH-D74A Datasheet - IC-701 - DRAM]
 +
 
 +
[https://wiki.recessim.com/w/images/c/c6/Kenwood_TH-D74A_Datasheet_-_IC-702_-_omap-l138.pdf Kenwood TH-D74A Datasheet - IC-702 - omap-l138]
 +
 
 +
[https://wiki.recessim.com/w/images/2/25/Kenwood_TH-D74A_Datasheet_-_IC-705_-_FLASH_MEMORY.pdf Kenwood TH-D74A Datasheet - IC-705 - FLASH MEMORY]
 +
 
 +
[https://wiki.recessim.com/w/images/f/f7/OMAP_L138_BootLoader.pdf Using the OMAP-L138 Bootloader]
 +
 
 +
[https://wiki.recessim.com/w/images/c/cd/IC-707_-_Not_exact_match_but_same_family_-_WM8940_v4.3.pdf IC-707 - Not exact match but same family - WM8940]
 +
 
 +
<br /><references />

Latest revision as of 03:04, 22 October 2020

Fully Assembled Kenwood TH-D74A

Full teardown pictures and videos of the TH-D74 along with notes on reverse engineering and obtaining a copy of the firmware.

Teardown Video

6 minute video @ 3x playback speed showing full disassembly of the radio with commentary, full length video with no audio here.

Teardown PCB Pictures

  • Processor Board Top

  • Processor Shield Removed

  • GPS circuit normally under a shield.

  • Processor Board Bottom

  • Transceiver Board Top

  • Transceiver Board Top Zoom 1

  • Transceiver Board Top Zoom 2

  • Transceiver Board Bottom

  • Transceiver Board Bottom Zoom 1

  • Transceiver Board Bottom Zoom 2

  • FM Radio Module Top

  • FM Radio Module Bottom

Port and Test Point Identification

  • Test point locations for Boot[] pins which set the boot-up mode of the OMAP L138 processor, in this case to boot from NOR Flash.

  • OMAP L138 Boot Mode Selection, TH-D74 is set to boot into NOR Flash at the top of the list.

  • JTAG pinout


Modules and Interconnects

  • LCD Front

  • LCD Back

  • FM Antenna Front

  • FM Antenna Rear

  • Interconnect Top

  • Interconnect Bottom

  • Channel Selector


Mechanical Pictures

  • Front Case Interior

  • Metal Frame Front

  • Metal Frame Back

  • Metal Frame Connector Side

  • Metal Frame Button Side

  • Metal Frame Top

  • Rubber Gaskets

  • Screws and Knobs

Reverse Engineering Efforts

Kenwood TH-D74 connected to JTAGulator

High level goals

  • Obtain a copy of the firmware for analysis/modification
  • Understand how the radio works and what test ports are available internally

Obtaining firmware

  • Determine routes of attack
    • JTAG Port
    • Serial Port
    • Hardware attack - Remove Flash Memory and read directly (possibly encrypted/obfuscated)
    • USB data capture - Packet capture firmware update (possibly encrypted/obfuscated)

Initially the radio was opened and wires were soldered to some test points and an interesting PCB footprint that I suspected was JTAG as seen in the video below.

Serial Port

The serial port turned out to just be control data sent from the CPU board to the transceiver board, explained further below. Removing the flash memory is an option although it is a BGA package so not sure about soldering wires to it so it can be read out. Furthermore, the OMAP-L138 processor seems to have a few protection mechanisms. Encryption of the firmware is one of them so that route might be useless.

Hardware Attack

  • Desolder flash memory chip
  • Re-Ball BGA and clean in preparation for socket
  • Insert into BGA socket and read contents using FlashCATUSB XPORT with BGA-64 (LAE064) socket

Other than the obvious challenge of desoldering and reballing a BGA, this worked great to get a complete image of the firmware! The firmware on the flash is not encrypted or obfuscated in any way so it's possible to make use of it immediately.

Cost breakdown to get complete firmware image using this method: $330 USD

Having a copy of the firmware for modification and analysis... PRICELESS!

USB Data Capture

This method costs a lot less than the hardware attack, like $330 less! See the YouTube video below for a walk-through. The software tools used are listed below, I am sure other tools would work but this is what I used.

Have a better method? Create an account and update the wiki!

Hex Editor Neo - Allows bitwise operations and other cool features with a 14 day free trial!

USB Analyzer - By Eltima Software, it captures USB traffic and lets you easily export the binary data. It also comes with a 14 day free trial!

Firmware Parse Tool - Python program to strip header bytes from USB data captures

Understand how the radio works

There is a serial port labeled SCTX and SCRX (See Processor Board Bottom picture above), both of these lines appear to be transmit only from the top CPU board down to the bottom transceiver board. As the radio is tuned from one frequency to another the SCRX line has a lot of activity, when the transmitter is keyed up the SCTX line has activity. Below is a sample of what is seen on the SCRX line. Travis Goodspeed commented to me on Twitter that these commands seemed similar to the Rig Control commands sent from PC's to radio's to control them.

SCRX
J0000
K0000
G0283
`0
G1283
B06EE14
B0A03CE
B0C0028
B11E960
B180000
B140000
B1C2812
B200018
B280A68
G;7:3
K1900
a7:6
B1C2C12
B140000
B1C2812
B200018
B280A68
F41
J01
G;7:3
`0

Datasheets

Kenwood TH-D74A Datasheet - IC-701 - DRAM

Kenwood TH-D74A Datasheet - IC-702 - omap-l138

Kenwood TH-D74A Datasheet - IC-705 - FLASH MEMORY

Using the OMAP-L138 Bootloader

IC-707 - Not exact match but same family - WM8940


Retrieved from "https://wiki.recessim.com/w/index.php?title=Kenwood_TH-D74A&oldid=1221"